In normal sunlight, rhodopsin will be constantly bleached while the cones are active. This presentation introduces basic knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. Also, what is referred to simply as touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle position, on the basis of the type of mechanoreceptors that perceive these touch sensations. The shape change of retinal in the photoreceptors initiates visual transduction in the retina. The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the superior nasal cavity (Figure 14.4). The maculae are specialized for sensing linear acceleration, such as when gravity acts on the tilting head, or if the head starts moving in a straight line. The pigments in human eyes are specialized in perceiving three different primary colors: red, green, and blue. The ampulla contains the hair cells that respond to rotational movement, such as turning the head while saying no. The stereocilia of these hair cells extend into the cupula, a membrane that attaches to the top of the ampulla. Retinal is a hydrocarbon molecule related to vitamin A. Just as with sodium ions in salty flavors, these hydrogen ions enter the cell and trigger depolarization. However, this increased sodium intake can increase blood volume and blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. Individuals can map their tongues for taste buds, once sensitivity thresholds have been determined. This is because the fovea is where the least amount of incoming light is absorbed by other retinal structures (see Figure 14.15). The rod-shaped outer segments of the rod photoreceptor contain a stack of membrane-bound discs that contain the photosensitive pigment rhodopsin. Once the gustatory cells are activated by the taste molecules, they release neurotransmitters onto the dendrites of sensory neurons. The sensory system is a network of sensory nerves and tissues that enable the body to receive information about its surroundings. Anatomy And Physiology Of Lens PowerPoint PPT Presentations - PowerShow
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