"Modeling the Transition to a New Economy: Lessons from Two Technological Revolutions,". Internal Combustion Engine 7. The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships. For example, to calculate rates they needed to know the cost of a ton-mile of freight. Woodhead Publishing. For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. Paper in the Making. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. Products More Affordable 2. Causes and Effects - The Industrial Revolution Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in 1828.[41]. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. Not only did the longer sections of steel rails allow for tracks to be laid far faster, more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, which greatly increased the productivity of the railroads. Belgium thus became the railway center of the region. Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influentialhis discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. This allowed the use of more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, and longer rail cars, all of which greatly increased the productivity of railroads. The ammonia produced in the Haber process is the main raw material for production of nitric acid. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. However, being soft and often full of impurities, iron rails could not support heavy locomotives and required frequent repair and replacement. Developments such as steel, electricity, increased mass production, and the building of a nationwide railroad network enabled the growth of sprawling cities. ", Roberts, Wayne. Transportation Effects: 1. What Caused the Second Industrial Revolution? - Financial Falconet Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil.
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