doi: 10.1075/sl.27.1.04dix. Which sentence DOESN'T use an ameliorated word? I'm afraid I'm sick, the doctor said I need to stay in bed. As Table 10 shows, the elevational demonstratives that encode relative proximity and middle distance are morphologically complex in contrast to the elevational demonstratives that encode relative distance. Received: 03 March 2020; Accepted: 22 June 2020;Published: 30 July 2020. The same kind of projection is applied at the global scale on an imagined map, e.g., Estonians are located UP with respect to Latvians because Estonia is further to the north (Forker, 2019). This example sentence uses the word 'sick' in the sense of 'mentally unwell, ill'. For example, if I say . Typically this process is caused by linguistic factors, such as ellipses, and can take many years to occur. Amha, A. In this paper, I have largely ignored the morphological and syntactic properties of elevational demonstratives as well as their use in discourse (e.g., as anaphors or cataphors). T. Moore (New York, NY: Academic Press), 2763. There are languages in which all distance-based deictics can be combined with all elevationals. Broadening is a process where a word's meaning becomes more general. Later the word 'hlafweard' shortened - first it became 'hlaford' and then by the 13th century it was simply 'lord'. Extralinguistic causes in semantic change are mainly to do with the social or historical causes of semantic change. For example, broadcast originally meant "to cast seeds out"; with the advent of radio and television, the word was extended to indicate the transmission of audio and video signals. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). However, in (22) the UP-demonstrative occurs together with the hearsay evidential, which means that the speaker has acquired her/his information from the speech of others. Deixis and demonstratives, in An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, Vol. They are also used as independent demonstrative pronouns. This study therefore goes beyond general cross-linguistic studies of demonstratives, which devote only a few sentences to demonstratives with elevational meaning.
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